MODULATORS :: APPLICATIONS

Photoelastic modulators (PEMs) are polarization modulation devices. The PEM is typically used as the key component for generating modulated polarization states of light in an integrated instrument. PEMs have several unique features such as wide spectral range, large aperture, wide acceptance angle, and high precision phase modulation. The PEM is typically used for fast, high sensitivity measurements. This section contains a summary of some basic experimental set-ups for selected applications.  You can also click on an application below or contact us to discuss your custom application.

Absorption
• Linear Dichroism (LD)
• Circular Dichroism (CD)
• Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD)
• Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD)
• Vibrational Linear Dichroism (VLD) 

Transmission
• Low-level Linear Birefringence
• Intensity Modulation
• Optical Rotation
• Rheology
• Wave-plate Measurement
• Faraday Rotation

Reflection
• Ellipsometry
• IR Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS, PM-IRRAS)
• Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE)
• Reflection Difference Spectroscopy (RDS) and Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS)

Others
• Stokes Polarimetry
• Polarization Scrambling
• Polarization Modulation in Scattering Media
• Polarization Modulation with Fluorescence, Emission, and Luminescence
• Interferometry


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