Mueller Polarimetry
The Mueller polarimeter is one of the two major types of polarimeters used in measuring polarization properties. While the Stokes polarimeter is usually referred to as a light-measuring instrument, the Mueller polarimeter can be viewed as a sample-measuring instrument. In a light polarization model, a sample can be represented by a 4x4 Mueller matrix. When all 16 elements of the Mueller matrix of a sample are determined, the polarimeter can be called a general Mueller polarimeter or a complete Mueller polarimeter. Otherwise, if all 16 elements are not addressed, it is called an incomplete Mueller polarimeter.
PEMs can be employed in Mueller polarimeters. For example, a light source, a polarizer (at 45 deg.) and a PEM at (0 deg.) will form a polarization generator; a second PEM (at -45 deg.) at a different modulating frequency, a second polarizer, or analyzer (at 90 deg.), and a photo-detector will form a polarization analyzer; a sample can be placed between the polarization generator and analyzer.
Such an instrument can simultaneously measure 9 of the 16 Mueller matrix elements of the sample. When the orientation of the polarizers and PEMs are varied, all 16 Mueller matrix elements of the sample can be measured.
TYPICAL PEMs
COMPONENTS
Lock-in Amplifiers (Signaloc™ 2100)
Photodiode Detectors
INSTRUMENTATION
Further readings:
White Paper - Polarization Metrology of Anisotropic Materials
R. Anderson, “Measurement of Mueller Matrices,” Applied Optics 31, 11 (1992).
Contact us for more information about Hinds Mueller Polarimetry Options.